Annotation
نویسنده
چکیده
ANNOTATION Ever since the extraordinary observations of Hippocrates gave birth to medical science nearly 2,400 years ago, fever has been universally regarded as a cardinal sign of illness. Yet its cause, like that of several other common signs and symptoms of disease such as malaise, has long remained obscure. Perhaps the frequent occurrence of vomiting in the various enteric fevers prevalent in the Mediterranean led Hippocrates to attribute fever to an excess of bile disturbing the proper balance of the body's four humors upon which health and temperament were thought to be founded. When medicine finally outgrew the humoral theories bequeathed it by Hippocrates and Galen, and the modern science of pathology emerged in the early 19th century, inflammation became linked with fever clinically and several investigators sought to produce fever in animals by injecting pus from sup-purating wounds. This abortive search for pyrogenic factors in tissues was abandoned for the next 100 years, however, because contaminating substances of bacterial origin, subsequently called "pyrogens," were discovered to be responsible for many of the fevers that followed injection of various biologic materials. The pioneering work of Hort and Penfold in England 50 years ago and later of Seibert and Co Tui in this country firmly established the role of these pervasive, filtrable agents in producing hitherto unexplained "injection fevers," and the search for the cause of fever accordingly shifted from the host's tissues to these bacterial substances released into the air and water.' This paper of Bennett and Beeson, published in 1953, has served as a landmark in reawakening interest in the cells of the host as a possible final common pathway for fevers-both infectious and noninfectious. In earlier work, Menkin had suggested that a pyrogenic substance (later called "pyrexin") could be isolated from the euglobulin fraction of acute inflammatory exudates. As Bennett and Beeson have clearly shown here, however, pyrexin shared much, if not most of the biologic actions of the endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria and it seems likely that this material, like substances obtained from exudates by earlier investigators, was contaminated with these potent pyrogens of bacterial origin.
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عنوان ژورنال:
- The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
دوره 38 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 1966